Windows 8 [32bit] Consumer Preview

Windows 8 Description-
The next generation of Windows, a re-imagining of the operating system from the chip to the experience
This is a detailed preview of the next major release of Windows, code-named "Windows 8". From the chipset to the user experience, Windows 8 brings a new range of capabilities without compromise.
Windows 8 is designed to be the first Windows client to support systems on a chip (SoC) architectures, including ARM, and since it will be pre-installed on a range of next generation devices, it will also feature Metro, a NUI + GUI interface on the surface combined with a new application platform under-the-hood designed to enable the creation of immersive experiences.

Basic UNIX Commands List

This list of useful and frequently used UNIX commands is a good reference for someone who is new to UNIX/LINUX Operating System. The most commonly used and basic Unix commands and what they do are listed below. Use the “man” command to find the usage and details of any particular command e.g. prompt>man cp. Using “man cp” on the command prompt will display the details and usage of the copy (cp) command.
File/Directory operation related Unix Commands
cp – copy a file
mv – move or rename files or directories
tar – create and use archives of files
gzip – compress a file
ftp – file transfer program
lpr – print out a file
mkdir – make a directory
rm – remove files or directories
rmdir – remove a directory
mount – attaches a file system to the file system hierarchy at the mount_point, which is the pathname of a directory.
umount – unmounts a currently mounted file system.
Navigational type Unix Commands
cd – change directory
pwd – display the name of your current directory
ls – list names of files in a directory
Display file content
cat – concatenate and display files.
more – The more utility is a filter that displays the contents of a text file on the terminal, one screenful at a time.
less – Less is a program similar to more (1), but which allows backward movement in the file as well as forward movement. Also, less does not have to read the entire input file before starting,so with large input files it starts up faster than text editors like vi
File Editing
vi – The vi (visual) utility is a display-oriented text editor.
nano – nano is a small, free and friendly editor.
Search
find – find files of a specified name or type.
grep – searches files for a specified string or expression.
Administration
top – Top displays the top 10 processes on the system and periodically updates this information. Raw cpu percentage is used to rank the processes.
chmod – change the permissions of a file or a directory.
ps – The ps command prints information about active processes.
kill – kill a process.
Information
date – display the current date and time.
cal – The cal utility writes a Gregorian calendar to standard output.
diff – display differences between text files.
Help Related
man – The man command displays information from the reference manuals.
help – The help utility retrieves information to further explain errors messages and warnings from SCCS commands.

If I have missed any frequently used and useful UNIX command(s) to list on this page then please leave your suggestion in the comments area below.

Equivalent of UNIX Grep command in Dos/Windows

You can use the ‘type’ and ‘find’ command in Dos/Windows to get the equivalent output of the UNIX ‘cat’ and ‘grep’ commands. The ‘find’ command can be very useful when you are trying to search for a specific text or phrase over multiple files. The ‘find’ command also comes in handy when searching for all the occurrences of a specific text or phrase in all the files under all the sub-directories of a given directory.
The Type Command

The ‘type’ command in Dos simply displays the contents of a text file or files. To see the content of a file simply enter the following in the command prompt:
C:>type “filename”
The Find Command

The ‘find’ command in Dos can be used to search for a text string in a file or files. below is the usage and optional parameters of the ‘find’ command.

FIND [/V] [/C] [/N] [/I] [/OFF[LINE]] "string" [[drive:][path]filename[ ...]]

/V Displays all lines NOT containing the specified string.
/C Displays only the count of lines containing the string.
/N Displays line numbers with the displayed lines.
/I Ignores the case of characters when searching for the string.
/OFF[LINE] Do not skip files with offline attribute set.
"string" Specifies the text string to find.
[drive:][path]filename
Specifies a file or files to search.

If a path is not specified, FIND searches the text typed at the prompt or piped from another command.
Find Command Usage Examples

To find any text occurrence in all the files within a directory simply enter the following at the command prompt.

C:>find “text to find” *


D:\Project Material\find command example>find "text-align" *

---------- ADSENSE INSERTION TAG.TXT
<p style="text-align: center;"><!-- wp_ad_camp_1 --></p>
---------- CFORMS.PHP
echo '<p style="text-align: left;"><label for="cforms-title'.$no.'">';
---------- ROBOTS.TXT
---------- ROBOTS_LANGUAGE_FILTER.TXT
---------- TRANSLATION_PAGE.TXT

Use the ‘/n’ parameter to print out the line numbers.


D:\Project Material\find command example>find /n "text-align" *

---------- ADSENSE INSERTION TAG.TXT
[1]<p style="text-align: center;"><!-- wp_ad_camp_1 --></p>
[2]text-align
[3]Test line with the text text-align
[6]Another line with the desired text text-align

---------- CFORMS.PHP
[2269] echo '<p style="text-align: left;"><label for="cforms-title'.$no.'">';

---------- ROBOTS.TXT

You can use ‘type’ and then pipe the output to the ‘find’ command:

D:\Project Material\find command example>type robots.txt | find /n "Disallow: /iw/"
[37]Disallow: /iw/

You can get really creative with these commands.

Equivalent of UNIX Grep command in Dos/Windows

You can use the ‘type’ and ‘find’ command in Dos/Windows to get the equivalent output of the UNIX ‘cat’ and ‘grep’ commands. The ‘find’ command can be very useful when you are trying to search for a specific text or phrase over multiple files. The ‘find’ command also comes in handy when searching for all the occurrences of a specific text or phrase in all the files under all the sub-directories of a given directory.
The Type Command

The ‘type’ command in Dos simply displays the contents of a text file or files. To see the content of a file simply enter the following in the command prompt:
C:>type “filename”
The Find Command

The ‘find’ command in Dos can be used to search for a text string in a file or files. below is the usage and optional parameters of the ‘find’ command.

FIND [/V] [/C] [/N] [/I] [/OFF[LINE]] "string" [[drive:][path]filename[ ...]]

/V Displays all lines NOT containing the specified string.
/C Displays only the count of lines containing the string.
/N Displays line numbers with the displayed lines.
/I Ignores the case of characters when searching for the string.
/OFF[LINE] Do not skip files with offline attribute set.
"string" Specifies the text string to find.
[drive:][path]filename
Specifies a file or files to search.

If a path is not specified, FIND searches the text typed at the prompt or piped from another command.
Find Command Usage Examples

To find any text occurrence in all the files within a directory simply enter the following at the command prompt.

C:>find “text to find” *


D:\Project Material\find command example>find "text-align" *

---------- ADSENSE INSERTION TAG.TXT
<p style="text-align: center;"><!-- wp_ad_camp_1 --></p>
---------- CFORMS.PHP
echo '<p style="text-align: left;"><label for="cforms-title'.$no.'">';
---------- ROBOTS.TXT
---------- ROBOTS_LANGUAGE_FILTER.TXT
---------- TRANSLATION_PAGE.TXT

Use the ‘/n’ parameter to print out the line numbers.


D:\Project Material\find command example>find /n "text-align" *

---------- ADSENSE INSERTION TAG.TXT
[1]<p style="text-align: center;"><!-- wp_ad_camp_1 --></p>
[2]text-align
[3]Test line with the text text-align
[6]Another line with the desired text text-align

---------- CFORMS.PHP
[2269] echo '<p style="text-align: left;"><label for="cforms-title'.$no.'">';

---------- ROBOTS.TXT

You can use ‘type’ and then pipe the output to the ‘find’ command:

D:\Project Material\find command example>type robots.txt | find /n "Disallow: /iw/"
[37]Disallow: /iw/

You can get really creative with these commands.

Tips to Make Ubuntu Boot Faster

Ubuntu is pushing the Linux desktop movement forward. Since it’s inception in 2004, Ubuntu has released over 10 versions so far, each one improving on its predecessor. It remains one of those few operating systems, that boots really fast. Still, if you are one of those brave hackers who likes to tune your machine to maximize efficiency, here are a few tricks on how to make Ubuntu boot faster.

Word of caution: These tune ups have been tested on Ubuntu 8.04 Hardy Haron. I haven’t upgraded it as it has been pretty solid and stable release. So if you’re on a newer(or older) version, I suggest you do some research before applying these tricks. And of course, always keep back ups. Have Fun!


Reducing the boot menu delay

If you dual-boot Ubuntu and Windows on your computer the boot menu appears for 10 seconds, during which you can select either Windows or Ubuntu. If you only have Ubuntu installed, a prompt appears for three seconds telling you that you can hit a key to see the boot menu. You obviously don’t need to wait for the 3 seconds since you have no other OS to boot from. You can eliminate this delay by editing the boot menu configuration file.

$ gksu gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

Then search for the line that reads timeout 10 and change the 10 to 0, to disable the boot menu completely.
Run boot-time scripts in parallel

Whenever Ubuntu boots, it runs several scripts that start necessary background services. By default these are set to run one-by-one but if you have a processor with more than one core, such as Intel’s Core Duo series or AMD’s Athlon X2, you can configure Ubuntu to run the scripts in parallel. This way all the cores are utilized and quite a bit of time can be saved at each boot.
To make the change, type the following to open the necessary configuration file in Gedit:

$ gksu gedit /etc/init.d/rc

Look for the line that reads CONCURRENCY=none and change it so it reads CONCURRENCY=shell. Then save the file and reboot your computer.
Build a readahead profile customized to your machine

Ubuntu ships with a program named ‘readahead’ which allows it cache frequently accessed files to avoid searching around for them at the startup. A default readahead profile is included in Ubuntu but you can create your own, tailored to your system. Here’s how to do it:
Boot your machine and at the boot loader menu, highlight the Ubuntu entry and press key “e”. This will let you temporarily edit the boot menu entry.
Use the cursor keys to move the highlight down to the second line that beings kernel and hit “e” again.
Use the right arrow key to move to the end of the line and, after the words quiet and splash, add the word profile.
Hit “Enter” and then “b” to boot your computer.

Note that the first boot will be slow because the readahead cache will have to be rebuilt. In subsequent boots, however, you should see speed improvements.
Trimming the GNOME startup programs

Once you’ve logged into the GNOME desktop, you’ll face yet another delay as all the GNOME background software starts. A few seconds can be saved by trimming this list and that can be done using the GNOME Sessions program (System → Preferences → Sessions). Under the Startup Programs tab, look through the list for items you might want to prune. For example, if you’re never going to use Evolution’s alarm function then Evolution Alarm Notifier can be disabled by removing the check alongside it. Be careful. Don’t turn any program off unless you are not sure what it does. For example Volume Manager isn’t related to audio, instead it enables the automatic detection of external storage devices attached to your machine.